Gatekeeper, app notarization, System Integrity Protection, the Signed System Volume, and access controls for hardware and software are all, one way or another, about proactively protecting system files from being tampered with and making sure that installed apps do what they say they're doing. Since then, Apple has added multiple anti-malware features to macOS, though they're not always branded that way.
Called "XProtect," this system service downloaded and installed new malware definitions in the background in between major macOS security updates, mostly to protect against the installation of known, in-the-wild malware. But Apple began to include rudimentary anti-malware protections in macOS starting with Snow Leopard in 2009.
Macs don't have visible anti-malware software built-in, at least not in the same way that Microsoft does with Windows' highly visible Defender software. Further Reading Snow Leopard includes rudimentary malware protection (Updated)
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